General Salan in Madrid, on his way to Algeria: on the Spanish collaboration with the OAS

Authors

  • José Luis Rodríguez Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v11i23.861

Keywords:

Organisation de l'Armée Secrète, OAS, General Salan, Castiella, Areilza, Franco's collaboration with OAS

Abstract

De Gaulle’s change of heart on the Algerian question elicited a violent response from a number of European settlers and military personnel stationed in the colony. In January 1960, the so-called barricades uprising took place in Algiers, led by political groups backed by paramilitary units; lacking military support, the uprising failed. Several of their leaders fled to Franco's Spain, where they were welcomed as political refugees. At the end of October that year, one of the main opponents of the abandonment of the military solution to the war fought by France in Algeria against the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), General Raoul Salan, recently dismissed as Commander-in-Chief in Algeria, left Paris and settled in Madrid. Salan was followed by dozens of opponents of decolonization, including several of those indicted in the barricades trial who were provisionally released and awaiting trial. In February 1961 in Madrid, Salan participated in the creation of the Organisation de l'Armée secrète (OAS), whose aim was to encourage a military coup that would give way to a pro-Algerian French government.

This article provides insight into the organization, activities and political relations of OAS refugees in Spain. The main part is devoted to exploring the attitude of the Franco regime concerning General Salan's and the OAS activities in Spain. The thesis of this paper is that the Franco regime was permissive with Salan's and the OAS political activities on Spanish soil. It is also worth considering the possibility that, tempted by the prospect of a more friendly government in Paris, and having erroneously assessed the likelihood that the military coup against De Gaulle would succeed, Franco requested that Salan be guarded by the police, primarily to prevent such a trip. However, before and after the coup failed, the primary objective of the Spanish government was to obtain from its French counterpart, in reciprocity for the effective control of the OAS members, measures against the Spanish exile organizations. The contents of the present article are based on a review of the available bibliography and unpublished documentation from the Castiella Fund at the Royal Academy of History and the Alicante Provincial Police Station.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • José Luis Rodríguez, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

    José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez es doctor en Historia Contemporánea por la Universidad Complutense, diplomado en Defensa Nacional y profesor en la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Imparte las asignaturas Historia de la España Actual y Perspectiva Histórica del Terrorismo Contemporáneo (Máster Análisis y Prevención del Terrorismo). Ha dirigido y participado en varios proyectos sobre extremismo político y terrorismo, entre estos “Extreme Right, Xenophobia and Antisemitism in Spain (1931-1982): The Purpose of the Conspiracy Theory in Political Situations of Regimen Change” (The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism/The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1998-2001) y “El terrorismo europeo en los años de plomo: Un análisis comparativo” (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, 2016-2019). Fruto de sus investigaciones sobre extrema derecha y fascismo son sus libros ¿Nuevos fascismos? Extrema derecha y neofascismo en Europa y Estados Unidos, Historia de Falange Española de las JONS y La extrema derecha europea.

References

Karima AÏT YAHIA: “España y el golpe de Estado contra De Gaulle”, Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine, 10/2013, en línea, consultado el 10 enero 2022.

José María de AREILZA: Memorias exteriores 1947-1964, Barcelona, Planeta, 1984.

Olivier DARD: Voyage au coeur de l´OAS, Paris, Perrin, 2005.

Olivier DARD y Victor PEREIRA, (dirs.): Vérités et légendes d’une OAS internationale, Paris, Riveneuve, 2013.

Anne DULPHY: “Les exilés français en Espagne depuis la seconde guerre mondiale: des vaincus de la Libération aux combattants de l’Algérie française”, Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps, n° 67, juillet-septembre 2002, pp. 96-101.

-“L´Algérie française et l´Espagne: regards et perceptions”, en Olivier DARD y Daniel LEFEUVRE (dirs.): L´Europe face à son passé colonial, Paris, Riveneuve, 2008, pp. 269-287.

-“L’OAS et l’Espagne franquista”, en Olivier DARD y Victor Pereira (dirs.): Vérités et légendes d’une OAS internationale, Paris, Riveneuve, 2013, p. 129-142.

-“La guerra de Argelia y sus repercusiones en España”, en Eloy MARTÍN CORRALES y Josep PICH MITJANA (eds.), La guerra de independencia de Argelia y sus repercusiones en España, Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2018, p. 15-39.

Anne-Marie DURANTON-CRABOL: Le temps de l´OAS, Bruxelles, Complexe, 1995.

Jean FERRANDI: 600 jours avec Salan et l´OAS, Paris, Fayard, 1969.

A. FLEITES MARCOS: “Un acercamiento engañoso: las relaciones políticas hispano-francesas entre 1958- y 1970”, Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine, 4 (2009), en línea.

Georges FLEURY: Histoire secrète de l´OAS, Paris, Grasset, 2002.

Francisco FRANCO SALGADO-ARAUJO: Mis conversaciones privadas con Franco, Barcelona, Planeta, 1976.

Eduardo GONZÁLEZ CALLEJA: Guerras no ortodoxas. La “estrategia de la tensión” y las redes del terrorismo neofascista en Europa del sur y América Latina, Madrid, La Catarata, 2018.

Rémi KAUFFER: Histoire d´une organisation secrète, Paris, Fayard, 1986.

-OAS. Histoire de la guerre franco-française, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2002.

-“OAS: la guerre franco-française d´Algérie”, en M. HARBI y B. STORA (eds.), La guerre d´Algerie, Paris, Hachette, 2004, pp. 663-673.

Encarnación LEMUS LÓPEZ: “Las relaciones con Francia: vecinos, aliados y rivales”, en José María BENEYTO y Juan Carlos PEREIRA (dirs.), Historia de la política exterior española en los siglos XX y XXI, Madrid, CEU, 2015, vol II, pp. 13-53.

Pedro A. MARTÍNEZ LILLO: “La normalización de las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-francesas después de la II Guerra Mundial (septiembre de 1950-enero de 1951”, Melanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 29-3, 1993, pp. 307-325.

Pierre PELLISSIER: Salan: quarante années de commandement, Paris, Perrin, 2014.

Guy PERVILLÉ: “La Guerre d´Algérie: Combien de morts?”, en M. HARBI y B. STORA (eds.), La guerre d´Algerie, Paris, Hachette, 2004.

Vincent QUIVY: Les soldats perdus. Des anciens de l´OAS racontent, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2003.

José Luis RODRÍGUEZ JIMÉNEZ: Reaccionarios y golpistas. La extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982), Madrid, CSIC, 1994.

-¿Nuevos fascismos? Extrema derecha y neofascismo en Europa y Estados Unidos, Barcelona, Península, 1998.

Esther Mª. SÁNCHEZ SÁNCHEZ: Rumbo al sur. Francia y la España del desarrollo, 1958-1969, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2006.

Heleno SAÑA: El franquismo sin mitos. Conversaciones con Serrano Suñer, Barcelona, Grijalbo, 1982.

Gastón SEGURA VALERO: A la sombra de Franco. El refugio español de los activistas franceses de la O.A.S, Barcelona, Ediciones B, 2004.

Ana TORRES GARCÍA: “El gobierno de España y la Organización del Ejército Secreto (OAS), 1960-1962”, en Eloy Martín Corrales y Josep Pich Mitjana, (eds.), La guerra de independencia de Argelia y sus repercusiones en España, Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2018, pp. 99-124.

Mª C. YBARRA: “España y la independencia de Argelia”, en Eloy MARTÍN CORRALES y Josep PICH MITJANA (eds.), La guerra de independencia de Argelia y sus repercusiones en España, Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2018, pp. 41-58.

Downloads

Published

2023-02-08

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 23 (2022): Guerra irregular en la Edad Contemporánea

Section

Dossier

License

Copyright (c) 2023 José Luis Rodríguez

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

General Salan in Madrid, on his way to Algeria: on the Spanish collaboration with the OAS. (2023). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 11(23), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v11i23.861

Similar Articles

1-10 of 639

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.