Refugee women in contemporary Spain. Taking shelter where people once fled

Authors

  • Giorgia Priorelli Universitat de Girona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v11i23.854

Keywords:

refugee women, forced displacement, resettlement, historical memory, Spain

Abstract

The case study of a group of refugee women in contemporary Spain sheds light on the present experience of flight and resettlement from a gendered perspective. It is also functional to evaluate the importance of historical memory of forced displacement in fostering the adaptation and inclusion of current involuntary migrants in the host societies. The main thesis of this research is that the female experience of involuntary migration is influenced by distinctive gendered factors, which must be attentively examined to reconstruct a fully comprehensive picture of present refugee flows. Moreover, this paper stresses the crucial role of historical memory in enhancing refugees’ adaptation to the new reality in the receiving country.

In this research, Spain constitutes not only the political and social framework but also the historical context in which the narratives of flight and relocation of the aforementioned group of contemporary female refugees are placed. Women taking shelter in this country nowadays after escaping violence and conflicts share the same trauma as millions of Spanish women who were forced to flee during and after the Spanish Civil War. Reflecting on this parallelism places contemporary humanitarian crises, which are mainly analysed from a political science point of view, in the right historical perspective. The data collected showed that sharing past experiences of forced migrations between recent refugees from non-European countries and the host community in Spain, which itself was compelled to migrate in the previous century, is crucial to raise social awareness and fight marginalization. In addressing the above-mentioned objectives, this research adopts an interdisciplinary approach, which combines historical investigation with anthropological, sociological, and political analysis.

The contribution of this paper is twofold. Firstly, this article emphasises gender dynamics in refugee streams today as in the past, which continue to be overlooked even though women represent half of the over one hundred million forcibly displaced persons around the world. Secondly, it stresses the historical dimension of forced displacements, that the scholarship has substantially neglected, by matching similarities of personal experiences through storytelling between former and current involuntary migrants.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Giorgia Priorelli, Universitat de Girona

    Giorgia Priorelli is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of History at the Universitat de Girona (Spain). In 2020–2021, she has been a postdoctoral research fellow at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and a member of the H2020 project SO-CLOSE ‘Enhancing Social Cohesion through Sharing the Cultural Heritage of Forced Migrations’. In 2018, she obtained her PhD in Political History at the Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali ‘Guido Carli’ in Rome. She has been a visiting fellow at the Università di Bologna, the European University Institute in Florence, Durham University, the Universitat de Valencia and the IMT School for Advanced Studies in Lucca. Her research interests include nationalism, Italian and Spanish fascisms, as well as refugees and forced displacement in the 20th and 21st centuries. Among her publications are the monograph ‘Italian Fascism and Spanish Falangism in comparison. Constructing the nation’ (Palgrave, 2020) and the edited volume ‘Combining political history and political science. Towards a new understanding of the political’ (Routledge, 2022).

References

Ana AGUADO, “Memoria de la Guerra Civil e identidades femeninas antifranquistas”, Amnis. Revue d’études des sociétés et cultures contemporaines Europe-Amérique, 2 (2011), http://journals.openedition.org/amnis/1508 [last access in May 2022].

Roberta AITCHISON, “Reluctant Witnesses: Sexual Abuse of Refugee Women in Djibouti”, Cultural Survival Quarterly, 2 (1984), pp. 26–7.

Sahar ALMAKHAMREH, Hana Zuhair ASFOUR, and Aisha HUTCHINSON, “Negotiating patriarchal relationships to become economically active: an insight into the agency of Syrian refugee women in Jordan using frameworks of womanism and intersectionality”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2020, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13530194.2020.1836609?journalCode=cbjm20 [last access in May 2022].

Alicia ALTED, “El exilio republicano español de 1939 desde la perspectiva de las mujeres”, Arenal. Revista de historia de las mujeres, 2 (1997), pp. 223–38.

Yumna ASAF, “Syrian Women and the Refugee Crisis: Surviving the Conflict, Building Peace, and Taking New Gender Roles”, Social Sciences, 6 (2017), pp. 1–18.

Blanca BRAVO, Milagros LATORRE PIQUER, and Carmen ROMERO, Nuevas raíces: testimonios de mujeres españolas en el exilio, México, D.F., Mortiz, 1993.

Dolores Pla BRUGAT, “El Exilio Republicano en Hispanoamérica. Su Historia e Historiografía.” Historia Social, 42 (2002), pp. 99–121.

Alice BLOCH, Treasa GALVIN, and Barbara HARRELL-BOND, “Refugee Women in Europe: Some Aspects of the Legal and Policy Dimensions”, International Migration, 2 (2000), pp. 169–90.

Agnès CALLAMARD, “Refugee Women: a gendered and political analysis of the refugee experience”, in Danièl Joly (ed.), Global Changes in Asylum Regimes. Migration, Minorities and Citizenship, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, pp. 137–53.

Agnès CALLAMARD, “Refugee Women: A Gendered and Political Analysis of the Refugee Experience”, in Alastair Ager (ed.), Refugees: Perspectives on the Experience of Forced Migration, London, Continuum, 1999, pp. 194–214.

Geneviève CAMUS-JACQUES, “Refugee Women: The Forgotten Majority”, in Gil Loescher and Laila Monaham (eds.), Refugees and International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 141–47.

Sharon CARLSON, “Contesting and Reinforcing Patriarchy: An Analysis of Domestic Violence in the Dzaleka Refugee Camp”, RSC Working Paper No. 23 (2005), pp. 1–59.

Luisa CARNÉS, De Barcelona a la Bretaña francesa, Renacimiento, Barcelona, 2014.

Julio CLAVIJO LEDESMA, La política sobre la població refugiada durant la Guerra Civil 1936–1939, Girona, Universitat de Girona, 2003.

Constancia DE LA MORA, Doble esplendor, Barcelona, Crítica, 1978 [I edition 1939].

Ana DELSO, Trescientos hombres y yo. Estampas de una revolución, Madrid, Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorezo, 1998.

Delphine DIAZ, En exil. Les réfugiés en Europe, de la fin du XVIII siècle à nos jours, Paris: Gallimard, 2021

Yanyi K. DJAMBA and Sitawa R. KIMUNA, Gender-Based Violence: Perspectives from Africa, the Middle East and India, Cham: Springer, 2015.

Pilar DOMÍNGUEZ PRATS, De ciudadanas a exiliadas: un estudio sobre las republicanas españolas en México, Madrid, Cinca, 2009.

- Voces del exilio: mujeres españolas en México (1939-1950), Madrid, Dirección general de la Mujer, 1994.

Ángeles EGIDO et al. (eds.), Mujeres en el exilio republicano de 1939, Madrid, Ministerio de la Presidencia, 2021.

Carlos FERNÁNDEZ RODRÍGUEZ, La lucha es tu vida. Relato de nueve mujeres combatientes republicanas, Madrid, Fundación Domingo Malagón, 2008.

Elena FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH, The Ideal Refugees: Gender, Islam and the Sahrawi Politics of Survival, Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press, 2014.

Elena FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH, “Gender and forced migration”, in Elena Fiddian Qasmiyeh, Gil Loescher, Katy Long and Nando Sigona (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014.

Elena FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH, ‘“Ideal’ Refugee Women and Gender Equality Mainstreaming: ‘Good Practice’ for Whom?”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2 (2010), pp. 64–84.

Magdalini FYTILI, “Violence, Civil War, and Female Forced Displacement: The Return to Chios”, in Javier Rodrigo and Miguel Alonso (eds.), Forced displacements: a European history, Collection Horizon 2020 SO-CLOSE Project, Cracow, Villa Decius Association, 2021, pp. 57–69.

Olivier FORCADE and Philippe NIVET (eds), Les Réfugiés en Europe du XVIe au XXe siècle, Paris, Éditions Nouveau Monde, 2008.

Matthew FRANK and Jessica REINISCH, Refugees in Twentieth-Century Europe: The Forty Years’ Crisis, London, Bloomsbury, 2016.

Jane FREEDMAN, “Sexual and gender-based violence against refugee women: a hidden aspect of the refugee ‘crisis’”, Reproductive Health Matters, 47 (2016), pp. 18–26.

Jane FREEDMAN, “Taking Gender Seriously in Asylum and Refugee Policies”, in Kavita R. Khory (ed.), Global Migration, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 45–64.

Jane FREEDMAN and Bahija JAMAL, “Violence Against Migrant and Refugee Women in the EuroMed Region: Case Studies of France, Italy, Egypt, and Morocco”, Copenhagen, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, 2008.

Jane FREEDMAN, “Women Seeking Asylum: The Politics of Gender in the Asylum Determination Process in France”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 2 (2007), pp. 154–72.

Jane FREEDMAN, Gendering the International Asylum and Refugee Debate, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

Peter GATRELL and Liubov ZHVANKO, Europe on the Move: The Great War and its Refugees, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2017.

Peter GATRELL, “Population Displacement in the Baltic Region in the Twentieth Century: From ‘Refugee Studies’ to Refugee History”, Journal of Baltic Studies, 1 (2007), pp. 43–60.

Habtom M. GHEBREZGHIABHER and Pnina MOTZAFI-HALLER, “Eritrean Women Asylum Seekers in Israel: From a Politics of Rescue to Feminist Accountability”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 4 (2015), pp. 570–94.

Angela GISSI, ‘“What Does the Term Refugee Mean to You?’: Perspectives from Syrian Refugee Women in Lebanon”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 4 (2018), pp. 539–61.

Jacqueline GREATBATCH, “The Gendered Difference: Feminist Critiques of Refugee Discourse”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 4 (1989), pp. 518–27.

Margaret R. HIGONNET and Patrice L.R. HIGONNET, “The double helix”, in Margaret R. Higonnet and al., Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1987, pp. 31-48.

Lisa HUNT, “Women Asylum Seekers and Refugees: Opportunities, Constraints and the Role of Agency”, Social Policy and Society, 3 (2008), pp. 281–92.

Dolores IBÁRRURI, Memorias de Pasionaria, 1939-1977: Me faltaba España, Barcelona, Planeta, 1984.

Doreen INDRA, “Gender: a key dimension of the refugee experience”, Refuge, 6 (1987), pp. 3–4.

Suad JOSEPH, “Patriarchy and Development in the Arab World”, Gender and Development, 2 (1996), pp. 14–9.

Marianne C. KASTRUP and Klement DYMI, “Gender-Specific Aspects of Intercultural Psychotherapy for Traumatised Female Refugees”, in Meryam Schouler-Ocak and Marianne C. Kastrup (eds.), Intercultural Psychotherapy, Cham: Springer, 2020.

Victoria KENT, Cuatro años en París, Buenos Aires, Sur, 1947.

Ulrike KRAUSE, “Analysis of empowerment of refugee women in camps and settlements”, Journal of internal displacement, 1 (2014), pp. 28–52.

Linda KREITZER, “Liberian Refugee Women: A Qualitative Study of Their Participation in Planning Camp Programmes”, International Social Work, 1 (2002), pp. 45–58.

Judith C. KULIG, “A review of the health status of Southeast Asian refugee women”, Health Care for Women International, 1 (1990), pp. 49–63.

Tony KUSHNER, Remembering Refugees: Then and Now, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2006.

Deborah LIGHT, “Healing Their Wounds: Guatemalan Refugee Women as Political Activists”, Women and Therapy, 13 (1992), pp. 297–308.

Audrey MACKLIN, “Refugee Women and the Imperative of Categories”, Human Rights Quarterly, 17 (1995), pp. 213–77.

Melinda MCPHERSON et al., “Marginal Women, Marginal Rights: Impediments to Gender-Based Persecution Claims by Asylum-seeking Women in Australia”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 2 (2011), pp. 323–47.

Philip MARFLEET, “Refugees and History: Why We Must Address the Past”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 3 (2007), pp. 136–48.

Alba MARTÍNEZ, “Refugiados, mujeres y género en la encrucijada historiográfica. De Europa a España, un estado de la cuestión desde abajo”, Historia Actual Online, 57 (2022), pp. 191-208.

- “Motherhood, Labor, and Anti-Fascism: The Construction of Refugee Identity by Spanish Women Exiled in France, 1939–1976”, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 1 (2021), pp. 7-26.

- “Dialogar con la complejidad cotidiana. Una refugiada española bajo la ocupación de Francia”, Hispania Nova, 19 (2021), pp. 691–732.

- “Las mujeres recuerdan. Género y memoria sobre exilio republicano en Francia, 1939-1978”, Arenal. Revista de historia de las mujeres, 2 (2019), pp. 367-98.

Maëlle MAUGENDRE, Femmes en exil. Les refugiées espagnoles en France, 1939-1942, Tours, Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 2019.

Federica MONTSENY, “Pasión y muerte de los españoles en Francia”, El mundo al día. Cahiers Mensuels de Culture, 29 (1950).

Federica MONTSENY, “Cien días de la vida de una mujer”, El Mundo al Día. Cahiers Mensuels de Culture, 21 (1949).

Mónica MORENO, “Las exiliadas, de acompañantes a protagonistas”, Ayer, 81 (2011), pp. 265–81.

Mirjana MOROKVASIC, “Les femmes immigrées au travail”, Communication au Colloque Européen sur les problemes de la migration, Louvain- la Neuve, 31 January-2 February 1974.

- “L’immigration féminine en France: état de la question”, L’année sociologique, 26 (1976), pp. 563-75.

- “The Invisible Ones: A Double Role of Women in the Current European Migrations”, in L. Eitinger and Schwarz D. Bern (eds.), Strangers in the World, Vienna, Hans Huber Publishers, 1981, pp. 161–85.

- “Émigration féminine et femmes immigrées: discussion de quelques tendances dans la recherche”, Pluriel, 36 (1983), pp. 20-51.

Helene MOUSSA, “Women Refugees: Empowerment and Vulnerability”, Refuge, 4 (1991), pp. 12–4.

Francisca MUÑOZ, Memorias del exilio, Barcelona, Viena Ediciones, 2006.

Rocío NEGRETE, “Mira, ¿ves mis manos? Militancia y trabajo de las mujeres exiliadas”, Impossibilia 20 (2020), pp. 55-77.

- “Una mano de obra barata y eficiente. Mujeres trabajadoras en el exilio francés”, in Rocío Negrete and Cristina Somolinos (eds.), Las mujeres que cosían y los hombres que fumaban. Voces de mujeres trabajadoras en la España de los siglo XIX y XXI, Málaga, Umaeditorial, 2021, pp. 151-83.

David NORRIS, “Gender, Flight and Neglect: An Examination of the Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Congolese Refugee Women”, Proceedings of the 35th Annual AFSAAP Conference, Australia, 2012.

Kabahenda NYAKABWA and Caroline LAVOIE, “Sexual Violence against Women Refugees in the Horn of Africa”, African Women, 10 (1995), pp. 26–31.

Remedios OLIVA, Éxodo. Del campo de Argelès a la maternidad de Elna, Barcelona, Viena Ediciones, 2006.

Isabel PALENCIA, Smouldering Freedom: The Story of The Spanish Republicans in Exile (1945), London, Gollancz, 1946.

Teresa PÀMIES, Quan érem refugiats, Carcaixent, Sembra, 2016.

Panikos PANAYI and Pippa VIRDEE (eds), Refugees and the End of Empire. Imperial Collapse and Forced Migration in the Twentieth Century, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Eileen PITTAWAY and Linda BARTOLOMEI, “Refugees, Race, and Gender: The Multiple Discrimination against Refugee Women”, Refuge, 6 (1991), pp. 21–32.

Refugee Women’s Resource Project (Asylum Aid), Women Asylum Seekers in the UK: A Gender Perspective, London, Refugee Women’s Resource Project, 2003.

Conchita RAMÍREZ, Diario de una niña exiliada, 1939-1947, Sevilla, Diputación de Sevilla, 2006.

Fiona REID and Katherine HOLDEN (eds), Women on the Move: Refugees, Migration and Exile, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010.

Antonina RODRIGO, Mujer y exilio 1939, Madrid, Compañía Literaria, 1999.

Patricia D. ROZÉE and Gretchen VAN BOEMEL, “The Psychological Effects of War Trauma and Abuse on Older Cambodian Refugee Women”, Women & Therapy, 4 (1990), pp. 23–50.

Javier RUBIO, La emigración de la Guerra Civil de 1936-1939, Madrid, Editorial San Martín, 1977.

Rosemary SALES and Jeanne GREGORY, “Refugee Women in London: The Experience of Somali Women”, Refuge, 1 (1998), pp. 16–20.

Rosalía SENDER, Nos quitaron la miel. Memorias de una luchadora antifranquista, Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, 2004.

Bruna Irene SEU, “The Woman with the Baby: Exploring Narratives of Female Refugees”, Feminist Review, 73 (2003), pp. 158–65.

Paula SIMÓN, “Los campos de concentración franceses contados por las mujeres: aportes para la reflexión sobre la narrativa testimonial femenina”, Laberintos 14 (2012), pp. 151-65.

Alice SZCZEPANIKOVA, “Gender Relations in a Refugee Camp: A Case of Chechens Seeking Asylum in the Czech Republic”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 3 (2005), pp. 281–98.

Susanna TAVERA, “La memoria de las vencidas: política, género y exilio en la experiencia republicana”, Ayer, 4 (2005), pp. 197–224.

Philipp THER, The Outsiders. Refugees in Europe since 1492, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2019.

Jinan USTA and Amelia R. MASTERSON, Assessment of Reproductive Health and Gender-based Violence among Displaced Syrian Women in Lebanon, Geneva: UNHCR, 2013.

Jos VAN WETTEN et al., “Female Asylum-Seekers in the Netherlands: An Empirical Study”, International Migration, 3 (2001), pp. 85–98.

Mercedes YUSTA, “Género e identidad política femenina en el exilio: Mujeres Antifascistas Españolas (1946-1950)”, Pasado y memoria. Revista de historia contemporánea, 7 (2008), pp. 143-63.

Elizabeth ZANONI, “Global Women. Migrants and Refugees, 1850s–2000”, in Nancy A. Hewitt and Anne M. Valk (eds.), A Companion to American Women’s History, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2020, pp. 319–36.

Downloads

Published

2023-02-08

Issue

Vol. 11 No. 23 (2022): Guerra irregular en la Edad Contemporánea

Section

SO-CLOSE

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Giorgia Priorelli

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Refugee women in contemporary Spain. Taking shelter where people once fled. (2023). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 11(23), 230-255. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v11i23.854

Similar Articles

1-10 of 164

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.