From Aleppo to Chios and from Chios to Aleppo: History in Crisis

Authors

  • Magda Fytili Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v10i20.765

Keywords:

Massive displacement, Forced displacement, Greece, Migrant crisis, SO-CLOSE

Abstract

This article aims to highlight the experiences of massive, forced or voluntary displacement, through the narration of a history of displacement that took place in the past: the history, little known and studied, of more than 30,000 displaced people from Greece and the Dodecanese who during the years 1941-1944 fled for their lives, firstly to Turkey, and then when they were sent by allied forces - especially the British - to refugee camps in Cyprus, the Middle East and North Africa. Through this history, we aim to establish a framework of historical comparison based on common, similar and even different experiences of the massive displacement that took place during the Second World War and the current displacement. Considering that the goal of this article is to compare experiences of displacement that took place at different historical moments, the testimonies of displaced people acquire here additional relevance.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Entrevistas:

Entrevista a Basima, Atenas, 23 de junio de 2020.

Entrevista a Carim, Atenas, 5 de julio de 2020.

Entrevista a Hamida, Atenas, 11 de julio de 2020.

Entrevista a Amin, Atenas, 12 de julio de 2020.

Entrevista a Said, Atenas, 14 de julio de 2020.

Nidale ABOU MRAD: “The Greek Refugees Who Fled to the Middle East in WWII”, BBC News, 20 de junio de 2016.

Philip P. ARGENTI: The Occupation of Chios by the Germans 1941-1944, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Nasos BRATSOS: Refugiados del Mar de Egeo en la Segunda Guerra Mundial (Turquía-Medio Oriente-África-Chipre), Pireo, Notios Anemos, 2017.

Philipp CARABOTT, Thanasis D. SFIKAS (eds.): The Greek Civil War: Essays on a Conflict of Exceptionalism and Silences, London, Routledge, 2004.

David CLOSE: The Origins of the Greek Civil War, London, Longman, 1995.

Grace FOX: “The Origins of UNRRA”, Political Science Quarterly, 65:4, (1950), pp. 561-584.

Peter GATRELL: The Making of the Modern Refugee, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.

Peter GATRELL: “Refugees—What’s Wrong with History?”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 30:2, (2017), pp. 170-189.

Peter GATRELL et al.: “Reckoning with Refugeedom: Refugee Voices in Modern History”, Social History, 46:1, (2021), pp. 70-95.

Violeta HIONDOU: Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Renée HIRSCHON: (eds.) Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey, New York, Berghahn, 2003.

Jeffrey HOLLAND: The Aegean Mission. Allied Operations in the Dodecanese, 1943, New York, Greenwood Press, 1988.

Jennifer HYNDMAN: Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.

Abram J. JAFFE: “Notes on the Population Theory of Eugene M. Kulischer”, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 40:2, (1962), pp. 187-206.

Sophia KALANTZAKOS, “A Paradox in Today’s Europe? Greece’s Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis”, The Jean Monnet Papers on Political Economy, 15, (2017), pp. 1-28.

Leonis KALVOKORESIS: Crónica de la ocupación de Quíos por los alemanes 1941-1944, Atenas, 1958.

Lena KARAMANIDOU: “Racialized Violence against Migrants in Greece”, en Umut KORKUT et al. (ed.) Discursive Governance in Politics, Policy, and the Public Sphere, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 15-29.

George KAZAMIAS: “The Politics of Famine Relief for Occupied Greece” en Richard CLOGG (ed.), Bearing Gifts to Greece. Humanitarian Aid to Greece in the 1940s, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 39-57.

Gerald Daniel KOHEN: In War’s Wake: Europe’s Displaced Persons in the Postwar Order, New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Eugene M. KULISCHER: The Displacement of Population in Europe, International Labour Office, Studies and Reports, Series O (Migration), 8, Montreal, 1943.

Alexandros LAMPROU: “Refugiados de Grecia y de Dodecaneso a Turquía durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial”, (2020), PIXELS@humanities, 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/pixels-h.25405

Yannis MAKRIDAKIS: En las vallas, fuera de las vallas, todos. Refugiados de Quíos y soldados en Medio Oriente. Narraciones 1941-1946, Atenas, Estia, 2010.

Celia MANNAERT: “Irregular Migration and Asylum in Turkey”, New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper 89, UNHCR, (2003), pp. 1-17.

Philip MARFLEET: “Refugees and History: Why We Must Address the Past”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 26:3, (2007), pp. 136-148.

Mark MAZOWER: Inside Hitler’s Greece. The Experience of Occupation, 1941-1944, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1993.

Iakovos D. MIJAILIDIS: Niños de Ulises. Refugiados griegos en Medio Oriente y África (1941-1946), Atenas, Metexmio, 2018.

Dan PLESCH: America, Hitler and the UN: How the Allies Won World War II and Forged a Peace, I. B. Tauris, 2011.

Yannis PRIOVOLOS: Datos del margen de la historia. Testimonios de los habitantes de Quíos del siglo veinte, Quíos, Egeas, 2009.

Jessica REINISCH: “Introduction: Relief in the Aftermath of War”, Journal of Contemporary History, 43:3, (2008), pp. 371-404.

Jessica REINISCH: “Old Wine in New Bottles? UNRRA and the Mid-Century World of Refugees”, en Matthew FRANK, Jessica REINISCH (ed.), Refugees in Europe, 1919-1959. A Forty Years’ Crisis? New York, Bloomsbury, 2017, pp. 147-175.

Joan W. SCOTT: “The Evidence of Experience”, Critical Inquiry, 17:4, (1991), pp. 773-797.

Ben SHEPHARD: The Long Road Home. The Aftermath of the Second World War, New York, Alfred A. Kpnof, 2011.

Claudena SKRAN: Refugees in Inter-War Europe: The Emergence of a Regime. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995.

Nevzat SOGUK: States and Strangers. Refugees and Displacements of Statecraft, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1999.

Philipp THER: The Dark Side of Nation States: Ethnic Cleans¬ing in Modern Europe, Oxford: Berghahn, 2014.

Sule TOKTAS et al.: “Transit and Receiving Countries: Refugee Protection Policies in Belgium, Slovenia, Greece, and Turkey”, Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations, 5:1,2, (2006), pp. 20-50.

George WOODBRIDGE: UNRRA. The History of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 1, New York, Columbia University Press, 1950.

Mark WYMAN: DPs: Europe’s Displaced Persons, 1945–1951, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, 1998.

Andreas ZIMMERMANN: (eds.), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.

“Cuando los griegos huyeron a Siria como refugiados”, Kathimerini, 18 de octubre de 2015.

“Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2015”, UNHCR, https://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7

“Los derechos humanos y los éxodos en masa”, A/58/186, 25 de junio de 2003, https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/un/58/A_58_186_es.pdf

UNHCR Observations on the Current Situation of Asylum in Greece, December 2014, pp. 17, 28, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/54cb3af34.pdf

https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2016/04/turkey-illegal-mass-returns-of-syrian-refugees-expose-fatal-flaws-in-eu-turkey-deal/

https://www.unhcr.org/gr/en/16207-unhcr-concerned-by-pushback-reports-calls-for-protection-of-refugees-and-asylum-seekers.html

OECD Economic Surveys: Greece 2020, https://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/Greece-2020-OECD-economic-survey-Overview.pdf

Informe de “Refugee Support Aegean” sobre la exclusión y la segregación de los niños refugiados del sistema escolar nacional griego, https://rsaegean.org/en/excluded-and-segregated-the-vanishing-education-of-refugee-children-in-greece/

Downloads

Published

2021-07-01

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 20 (2021): Imperios de corsarios y piratas: visiones globales de violencia marítima, comunidades políticas y expansión de poder

Section

SO-CLOSE

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

From Aleppo to Chios and from Chios to Aleppo: History in Crisis. (2021). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 10(20), 305-327. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v10i20.765

Similar Articles

21-30 of 60

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.