Las funciones extramilitares de las fortificaciones cruzadas, 1187-circa 1380

Authors

  • Kristian Molin

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.437

Keywords:

arquitectura militar, relaciones entre civiles y combatientes, fortificaciones, cruzadas

Abstract

Resumen: Aunque muchos de los aspectos militares y estratégicos de las fortificaciones cruzadas han sido estudiados en el pasado, rara vez se han examinado en detalle sus usos extramilitares. Esta omisión ha conducido en cierta medida a la falsa impresión de que las fortificaciones latinas (y armenias) en el Mediterráneo oriental solo se utilizaron para la guerra y no desempeñaron un papel significativo en tiempo de paz. En realidad, muchas de estas estructuras, especialmente en áreas menos expuestas como Chipre, pasaron bastante más tiempo cumpliendo funciones domésticas más bien prosaicas que directamente envueltas en conflictos bélicos. El propósito de este artículo, por tanto, es analizar el uso de estructuras tales como residencias, prisiones y salas de justicia, así como centros neurálgicos del comercio, la administración, la agricultura y diversas actividades religiosas. Se hará alusión a fortificaciones en la Grecia ocupada por los francos, Chipre, Tierra Santa y el reino armenio de Cilicia durante el período 1187-circa 1380. 

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References

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“L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer”, en Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens occidentaux, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 5 vols, París, 1844-95, vol. 2, p. 428; Marino SANUDO: “Liber secretorum fidelium crucis”, ed. J. Bongars, en Gesta Dei per Francos, 2 vols, Hannau, 1611, vol. 2, p. 217. Ver también los comentarios de Jonathan S. C. Riley-Smith en Ibn AL-FURAT: Ayyubids, Mameluks and Crusaders. Selections from the Tarikh al-Duwal wa "l-Muluk, ed. y trad. U. Lyons y M. C. Lyons, 2 vols, Cambridge, W. Heffer and Sons, 1971, vol. 2, p. 173, nota 2.

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Nicolás DE MARTONI: “Relation du pèlerinage à Jérusalem de Nicolas de Martoni, notaire Italien (1394-1395)”, ed. L. Le Grand, Revue de l'Orient Latin, 3 (1895), pp. 647-53,656; K. M. SETTON: Catalan domination of Athens, 1311 – 1388, Cambridge, MA, Medieval Academy of America, 1948, pp. 227-232.

Livre de la conquête de la princée de la Morée: Chronique de Morse (1204 - 1305), ed. J. Longnon, París, Laurens, 1911, pp. 220-221; To Chronikon tou Moreos: the Chronicle of Morea, ed. J. Schmitt, Londres, Methuen & Co., 1904, p. 524. Estas son las versiones francesa y griega de la Crónica de Morea. En este artículo he usado predominantemente la primera, pero debe tenerse en cuenta que también existen versiones aragonesas e italianas, y que las cuatro versiones están estrechamente relacionadas, aunque no son idénticas. Para obtener más detalles sobre esta fuente y cómo las cuatro versiones se relacionan entre sí, vea Peter LOCK: The Franks in the Aegean, 1204 -1500, Londres, Longman, 1995, pp. 21-24.

J. FOLDA: “Crusader frescoes at Crac des Chevaliers and Marqab Castle”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 36 (1982), pp. 177-210.

A. H. S. MEGAW: “Supplementary excavations on a castle site at Paphos, Cyprus, 1970 71”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 26 (1972), pp. 324-325; Meron BENVENISTI: The crusaders in the Holy Land, Jerusalén, Israel Universities Pres, 1970, pp. 374-376.

Atenas: Peter LOCK: “The Frankish tower on the Acropolis, Athens. The photographs of William J. Stillman”, Annual of the British School at Athens, 82 (1987), p. 133. Acre: Felipe DE NOVARA: The wars of Frederick II against the lbelins in Syria and Cyprus, ed. and trad. J. L. La Monte, Nueva York, Columbia University Press, 1936, p. 171. Montfort: E. W. G. MASTERMAN: “A crusaders' fortress in Palestine”, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 60 (1928), p. 96.

Marino SANUDO: “Istoria del regno di Romaniasive regno di Morea”, en Chroniques Gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues, ed. C. Hopf, Berlín, Bibliopoleion, 1873, p. 101; Antoine BON: La Morée franque: recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principauté d'Achaïe (1205-1430), París, Éd. de Boccard, 1969, pp. 608-629, y en concreto 608-622; Kevin ANDREWS: Castles of the Morea, Princeton, American School of Classical Studies at Athen, 1953, pp. 149-158, y en particular 154-158.

A. H. S. MEGAW: “The arts in Cyprus: B. Military architecture”, en K. M. SETTON (ed.), A history of the Crusades, 6 vols., Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1955-89, vol. 4, pp. 203-205; C. ENLART: L'art gothique et de la renaissance' en Chipre. 2 vols., París, Ernest Leroux, 1899, vol. 2, pp. 525-538, 575-577, 590-595.

Diomedes STRAMBALDI: Chroniques d'Amadi et de Strambaldi, ed. R. de Mas Latrie, París, Imprimerie nationale, 1891, p. 282.

Denys PRINGLE: The Red Tower, Londres, British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1986, p. 15.

Documents sur le régime des terres dans la principauté de Morée au XIVe siècle, eds J. Longnon y P. Topping, París, De Gruyter, 1969, pp. 70-71; Peter LOCK: “The Frankish towers of central Greece”, Annual of the British School at Athens, 81 (1986), p. 110. Para ver más ejemplos de torres en Grecia que actuaban como centros neurálgicos de diversos asentamientos agrícolas, véase también J. BINTLIFF: “The Frankish countryside in central Greece: the evidence from archaeological field survey”, en Peter LOCK y G. D. R. SANDERS (eds.), The archaeology of medieval Greece, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 1-18. Kolossi: C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 683-694. Kolossi fue entregada a los caballeros hospitalarios por Hugo I de Chipre en 1210; véase Cartulaire général de l'ordre des Hospitaliers de St.Jean de Jérusalem (1100 - 1310), ed. J. Delaville Le Roulx, 4 vols., París, Ernest Leroux, 1894-1906, vol. 2, no. 1354, pp. 121-122.

Peter LOCK: “The Frankish towers of central Greece”, p. 111; Íd.: “The medieval towers of Frankish Greece: a problem in chronology and function”, en B. ARBEL, B. HAMMILTON y D. JACBOY (eds.), Latins and Greeks in the eastern Mediterranean after 1204, Londres, Routledge, 1989, p. 138.

Peter LOCK: “The towers of Euboea: Lombard or Venetian, agrarian or strategic”, en Peter LOCK and G. D. R. SANDERS: op. cit., pp. 107–126.

“Les gestes des Chiprois”, ed. G. Raynaud, en Recueil des historiens des croisades. Documents arméniens, 2 vols., París, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1869-1906, vol. 2, pp. 814-815; E. G. REY: “Etude sur la topographie de la ville d'Acre au XIIle siècle”, Mémoires de la societé nationale des antiquairies de France, 39 (1878). Los cuarteles fortificados de Acre se analizarán más abajo.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: Historia Damiatina, ed. H. Hoogeweg, Tubinga, Bibliothek des litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, 1894, p. 171; Gestes, p. 741; Jean DE JOINVILLE, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly, París, 1874, p. 282.

Cartulaire, vol. 2, nos. 1602-1603, pp. 238-240; Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, Les châteaux des croisés en Terre Sainte, 3 vols., París, Paul Geuthner, 1934, vol. 1, 126-7.

Denys PRINGLE: “A thirteenth century hall at Montfort castle in western Galilee”, Antiquaries Journal, 66 (1986), pp. 60-75.

Beaufort y Sidón: Paul DESCHAMPS: La defense du royaume de Jérusalem, Les châteaux des croisés en Terre Sainte, vol. 2, París, Paul Geuthner, 1939, pp. 206-208, 232. Karytaina and Chlemoutsi: Antoine BON: op. cit., pp. 614, 632. St Hilarion: C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 591-594. Crac des Chevaliers: Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers…, pp. 213-224.

Gestes, p. 793.

Livre de la conqueste, pp. 397-399.

La Règle du Temple, ed. H. de Curzon (París, 1886), cláusulas 554, 573, 593, 603.

Gestes, p. 805.

Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 204; Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d'Antioche, Les châteaux des crois& en Terre Sainte, vol. 3, París, Paul Geuthner, 1973, p. 231: Hugh KENNEDY: Crusader castles, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1994, p. 96.

Florio BUSTRON: Chronique de l'île de Chypre, ed. R. de Mas Latrie, París, Imprimerie nationale, 1886, pp. 143-145; Francesco AMADI: Chroniques d'Amadi et de Strambaldi, ed. R. de Mas Latrie, París, Imprimerie nationale, 1891, pp. 386, 388, 390. Para un resumen de esta disputa, véase P. W. EDBURY: The kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191 1374, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 100-140, y en particular 109-131.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: Recital concerning the sweet land of Cyprus, entitled 'Chronicle’, ed. y trad. R. M. Dawkins, 2 vols., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1932, vol. l, cap.. 85, p. 77, cap. 257, pp. 237-239; Francesco AMADI: op. cit., p. 408; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., 257; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., pp. 34-35, 101. Para una descripción de Kyrenia, véase C. ENLART: op. cit., vol 2, pp. 559-577.

Francesco AMADI: op. cit., p. 393; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., p. 245. Para una descripción de Buffavento, véase C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 596-605

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 610-1, pp. 601-3; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., pp. 255-256.

William OF MACHAUT: La prise d'Alexandre, ou chronique du roi Pierre ler de Lusignan, ed. L. de Mas Latrie, Ginebra, J.G. Fick, 1877, pp. 258-259, 265. Véase también Francesco AMADI: op. cit., p. 422; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., p. 271; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., p. 102; Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 260, p. 241, cap. 265, p. 247; C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2., pp. 520-521; P. W. EDBURY: op. cit., 172-9.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, p. 160.

Livre de la conqueste, p. 149.

Arsuf: Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 78, 88-89. Safed: R. B. C. HUYGENS: “Un nouveau texte du trait de constructione castri Saphet”, Studi Medievali, ser. 3, 6, parte 1 (1965), pp. 381-382, líneas 115-124.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 594-7, pp. 591-593.

Matthew PARIS: Chronica Maiora, ed. H. R. Luard, 7 vols., Rolls Series, 57, Londres, Longman, 1872-83, vol. 2, p. 371; Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du comté de Tripoli, pp. 279-280.

George PACHYMERES: “De Michaele et Andronico Palaeologis libri XIII”, ed. I. Bekker, en: Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae, 2 vols., Bonn, E.D. Weberi, 1835, vol. 1, p. 209.

Livre de la conqueste, pp. 245-247, 260.

“Feudal institutions as revealed in the Assizes of Romania, the law code of Frankish Greece”, trad. P. Topping, en Peter TOPPING, Studies on Latin Greece, Londres, Variorum Reprints, 1977, ensayo 1, artículos 43, p. 177, y véase artículo 9.

Ibídem, artículo 94. En 1275, por ejemplo, el Alto Tribunal se reunió en Andravida para dirimir una importante disputa sobre tierras. Véase Livre de la conqueste, pp. 197-211.

Nouvelles preuves de l'histoire de Chypre sous le règne des princes de la maison de Lusignan, ed. L. de Mas Latrie, Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des chartes, 35, París, J. Baur et Détaillle, 1874, pp. 120-121; P. W. EDBURY: op. cit., 194.

Castillo del peregrino: “Livre de Jean d'Ibelin”, en Recueil des historiens des croisades, Lois. Les assises de Jérusalem, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2 vols., París, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1841-3, vol. 1, p. 420. Belvoir y el área circundante habían sido capturados por Saladino tras los sucesos de Hattin. En 1241, un acuerdo de paz con los musulmanes devolvió brevemente la región a los latinos, antes de que se perdiera de nuevo tras la batalla de La Forbie (1244). Por tanto, no sabemos con certeza si los hospitalarios tuvieron tiempo de volver a guarnecer Belvoir después de 1241. Véase Matthew PARIS: op. cit., vol. 4, 142; Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050-1310, Londres, Palgrave, 1967, pp. 415-416, 436-437; Christopher Marshall: Warfare in the latin East, 1192-1291, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 20-21.

Livre de la conqueste, 328-9. Ver también Antoine BON: op. cit., pp. 657-658.

Cartulaire, vol. 3, no. 3051, p. 64. Ver también B. Z. KEDAR: “The subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant', en J. M. POWELL (ed.), Muslims under Latin rule, 1100-1300, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1990, pp. 160-174.

'De constructione castri Saphet', línea 182, p. 384.

Denys PRINGLE: The Red Tower, pp. 13, 60. Steven TIBBLE: Monarchy and lordships in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 142, no está de acuerdo con Pringle, y cree que Qaqun estuvo en manos de los templarios, y no de los señores de Cesarea.

Antoine BON: op. cit., p. 612, y véase 602-607 para una descripción de las defensas de esta ciudad, que parecen haber sido construidas desde cero por los francos en el siglo XIII.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 594-7, pp. 591-3; Francesco AMADI: op. cit., 490; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., 250-1; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., 349; P. W. EDBURY: op. cit., 191-2; J. RICHARD: “The institutions of the kingdom of Cyprus”, en K. M. SETTON (ed.), A history of the Crusades, vol. 6, pp. 162-163; C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, 519-20.

Cartulaire, vol. 2, no. 1193, pp. 31-40.

Gestes, 815; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood. A history of the Order of the Temple, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 267-268, 311.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 257-8, 386. Para una descripción moderna de esta gran fortaleza, ver también Denys PRINGLE: “Review article: reconstructing the castle of Safad”, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 117 (1985), pp. 139-149.

Marino SANUDO: Liber secretorum, p. 206; Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., 171-2. Para una descripción del Castillo del peregrino, véase Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., 169-71; James DE VITRY: Lettres de Jacques de Vitry, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Leyden, Brill, 1960, pp. 99-100; C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit: the crusader castle, town and surroundings, Jerusalén, Department of Antiquities, 1947, pp. 36-67.

Cartulaire, vol. 2, no. 2726, p. 777, no. 2811, pp. 815-7; Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The knights of St John, pp. 413-417.

Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., pp. 202, 206, 208, 210; Brocardo DE MONTESIÓN: “Descriptio Terrae Sanctae”, ed. J. Laurent, en Peregrinatores medii aevi quator, Leipzig, 1873, pp. 23, 29, 33-34.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 215-225, 384-385; Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., p. 171: Mateo de París, Chronica Maiora, vol. 3, 14.

Mi'ilya: Tabulae ordinis Theutonici, ed. E. Strehlke, (Berlín, 1869), no. 112, pp. 91-4. Kolossi: Enlart, L 'art gothique, vol. 2, 694.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., p. 171; C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit, 72.

Corfú: Régestes des délibérations du sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, ed. F. Thiriet, 3 vols., París, Mouton et Co., 1958-61, vol. I, no. 850, 202. Castellorizzo: Le saint voyage de Jérusalem du seigneur d'Anglure, eds. F. Bonnardot y A. Longnon, París, Firmin Didot, 1878, pp. 89-91.

Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., 251; Denys PRINGLE: “Survey of castles in the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, 1989: preliminary report”, Levant, 23 (1991), p. 89. Recordane se llevó la peor parte de una incursión mameluca en Acre en 1267. Véase Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 103, nota 2.

C. N. JOHNS: “Excavations at Pilgrims' Castle ('Atlit): the faubourg and its defences”, Boletín trimestral del Departamento de Antigüedades de Palestina, 1 (1932), p. 120.

Hugh KENNEDY: op. cit., pp. 99-100; Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, p. 189.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, pp. 152, 203-204.

Livre de la conqueste, p. 273.

Godofredo DE VILLEHARDOUIN: op. cit., p. 250.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 470, p. 453; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., p. 194.

Margat: Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 210. Safed: “De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 229-33, 385.

Margat: Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 210. Cave de Tyron: Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 219-220.

lbn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, p. 85

La Règle du Temple, en su cláusula 126, trata de los suministros de este tipo para los castillos. En la década de 1930 se descubrieron grandes establos en el Castillo del peregrino, lo cual nos proporcionó un excelente ejemplo del tipo de ganado que se mantenía dentro de las fortificaciones. Véase C. N. JOHNS: 'Excavations at Pilgrims' Castle ('Atlit): stables at the south-west of the suburbs', Boletín trimestral del Departamento de Antigüedades de Palestina, 5 (1935-6), 31-60.

“Usanzas y Estatutos de Romania”, artículo 159.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, 155; A. W. LAWRENCE: “The castle of Baghras”, en T.S.R. BOASE (ed.), The Cilician kingdom of Armenia, Edimburgo, Scottish Academic Press, 1978, pp. 58-59. Véase también Hugh KENNEDY: op. cit., p. 100.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 139. Para la captura de Crac de los Caballeros en 1271, véase Gestes, p. 768, 777: Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 143-149: AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, pp. 84-85.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, p. 130; AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, p. 56; Cartulaire, vol. 3, no. 3400, p. 231. Para la captura de Montfort en 1271, véase Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 106-112; AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, p. 87; Gestes, p. 778.

Estienne DE LUSIGNAN: Description de toute l'isle de Cypre, París, G. Chaudière, 1580, pp. 24-25; David JACOBY: “The rise of a new emporium in the eastern Mediterranean: Famagusta in the late thirteenth century”, en Íd. (ed.), Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian expansion, Northampton, Variorum Reprints, 1989, ensayo 8, pp. 149-150.

Federico II: Felipe DE NOVARA: op. cit., p. 73; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., pp. 63-64; Gestes, p. 676. Luis IX: Jean DE JOINVILLE: op. cit., pp. 72-74.

David JACOBY: “The rise of a new emporium”, pp. 147-154; C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 673-683.

Las defensas de Acre y Tiro protegieron a los habitantes de estas ciudades y su prosperidad económica en muchas ocasiones. Véase, por ejemplo, AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. I, parte 1, 199-200 y vol. 1, parte 2, 27 - 8; Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 57 - 9, 87 (incursiones mamelucas en Acre en 1263, y en Acre y Tiro en 1266).

Jean Alexandre C. BUCHON (ed.): Nouvelles recherches historiques sur la principauté française de Morée et ses hautes baronnies à la suite de la Quatrième Croisade, 2 vols, París, Au Comptoir des imprimeurs unis, 1843, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 98-103; Antoine BON: op. cit., pp. 320-322.

Peter LOCK: The Franks in the Aegean, pp. 154-155, 252-253; William MILLER: The Latins in the Levant: a history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566), Londres, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1908, pp. 495, 498; Kevin ANDREWS: op. cit., pp. 14, 59. Para descripciones generales de las defensas en estos enclaves, que habían sido tomados por Venecia desde justo después de la Cuarta Cruzada, véase Ibídem, pp. 15-23 (Corone), 61-83 (Modona).

Para una descripción detallada de estos, véase E. G. REY: “Etude sur la topographie”, p. 137 (Venecia), 137-138 (Génova), 138-139 (Pisa); Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., pp. 98-100 (Pisa), 100-102 (Génova), 102-104 (Venecia); David JACOBY: “Crusader Acre in the thirteenth century: urban layout and topography”, en Íd., Studies on the Crusader States…, ensayo 5, pp. 19-26 (Pisa), 26-30 (Génova), 30-36 (Venecia).

Gestes, pp. 742-748. Para más detalles sobre esta disputa, véase Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277, Londres, Palgrave, 1973, pp. 215-217.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 372, p. 353.

Gestes, p. 829.

Véase, por ejemplo, Régestes, ed. F. Thiriet, vol. 1, no. 371, p. 97, y Peter LOCK: “The medieval towers of Frankish Greece”, p. 139; Íd.: “The Frankish towers of central Greece”, pp. 108-109; Íd.: “The towers of Euboea”, p. 111 (torres de Nesiotissa y Basilika), 116 (torre urbana en Chalkis), 117 (torre de Aliberi-Matsoukela), 118.

Le Trésor des chartes d'Arménie, ou cartulaire de la chancellerie royale des Roupéniens, ed. V. Langlois, Venecia, Typographie Arménienne de Saint-Lazare, 1863, no. 23, pp. 170-175, y véase 35-38, 49-50. Para descripciones generales de los castillos de Ayas y Córico, véase R. W. EDWARDS: The fortifications of Cilician Armenia, Dumbarton Oaks Studies, 23, Washington DC, 1987, pp. 77-81 (Ayas), 161-166 (Córico); L. M. ALISHAN: Sissouan ou l'Arméno-Cilicie, Venecia, S. Lazare, 1899, pp. 397-402 (Córico), 432-434 (Ayas). Para la importancia económica de estos enclaves, véase también C. CAHEN: La Syrie du Nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche, París, 1940, pp. 689-691; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, p. 240.

Gestes, pp. 768-769; David JACOBY: “Crusader Acre”, pp. 8-10.

Kevin ANDREWS: op. cit., pp. 187-91, en concreto 187. Para las medidas defensivas de los venecianos con respecto a este puente, véase también Peter LOCK: “The towers of Euboea”, p. 118.

R. RÖHRICHT (ed.): Regesta regni Hierosolymitani, 1097-1291, Innsbruck, 1893, no. 977, p. 257.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., 169; C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit, pp. 94-98.

Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du comté de Tripoli, pp. 284-285. Los Templarios estaban exentos de pagar cuando usaban esta puerta; véase Cartulaire, vol. 2, no. 2058, pp. 455-457.

Documento reproducido en L. M. ALISHAN: op. cit., p. 239. Véase también R. W. EDWARDS: op. cit., pp. 147-149; Kurt FORSTREUTER: Der Deutsche Orden am Mittelmeer, Bonn, Verlag Wissenschatliches Archiv, 1967, p. 65. Para Servantikar, ver R. W. EDWARDS: op. cit., pp. 217-220.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., p. 169.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 268-90, 386 7.

La Règle du Temple, cláusula 188, menciona que los indigentes eran alimentados en los castillos. Para más información sobre las enfermerías, véase I. STERNS: “The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States”, en K. M. SETTON (ed.), A history of the Crusades, vol. 5, pp. 341-348; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, pp. 217-218; A. LUTTRELL: “The Hospitallers' medical tradition: 1291-1530”, en Malcolm BARBER (ed.), The Military Orders: fighting for the faith and caring for the sick, Aldershot, Variorum Reprints, 1994, pp. 64-81.

Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 212; Brocardo DE MONTESIÓN: op. cit., pp. 30-31; Bernard HAMILTON: The Latin Church in the crusader states: the secular Church, Londres, Variorum, 1980, p. 215.

Cesarea: Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., 140-5. Atenas: Henri DE VALENCIENNES: L 'estoire de Impereur Henri de Constantinopla, ed. J. Longnon, París, Paul Geuthner, 1948), p. 115; K. M. SETTON: “Athens in the later twelfth century”, en Íd. (ed.), Athens in the Middle Ages, Londres, Variorum Reprints, 1975, ensayo 3, pp. 197-201.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 126, 161-2, 165; AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, 127; C. CAHEN: op. cit., pp. 697-698, 717.

Bar HEBRAEUS: The chronography of Gregory Abu 'l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician commonly known as Bar Hebraeus, trad. E.A. Wallis Budge, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1932, p. 453; L. M. ALISHAN: op. cit., pp. 172-173.

Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, p. 199.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 56-57.

Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., 358-9.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 124-8, 382.

Tabulae ordinis Theutonici, no. 72, pp. 56-57.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, pp. 197-201; Íd.: La défense du comté de Tripoli, pp. 254, 277-278: E. G. REY: Étude sur les monuments de I 'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'îe de Chypre, París, Imprimerie Nationale, 1871, pp. 26-28, 48-49, 88-89; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, p. 194.

C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit, pp. 52-58; Denys PRINGLE: “Reconstructing the castle of Salad”, pp. 147-148; Elie LAMBERT: L'architecture des Templiers, París, Éditions A. et J. Picard, 1978, pp. 5-19, 30-31, 92-93; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, 194-5.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, pp. 216-24; Richard HARPER y Denys PRINGLE: “Belmont castle: a historical notice and preliminary report of excavations in 1986”, Levant, 20 (1988), pp. 104, 116.

Para más detalles sobre estos temas, véase Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The knights of St John, pp. 375-420; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, pp. 55-63, 195-198.

Sidón: EMOUL: Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. L. de Mas-Latrie, París, 1871, p. 459; L'Estoire d'Eracles, p. 365; Gestes, p. 676; Hugh KENNEDY: op. cit., pp. 122-124. Castillo del peregrino: Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., pp. 168, 207.

Louis IX: Jean DE JOINVILLE: op. cit., p. 284. RICARDO I: Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols. Rolls Series, 38, Londres, 1864, vol. 1, p. 317.

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2018-07-11

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Vol. 7 No. 14 (2018): La lógica de la guerra “irregular” en la Antigüedad

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How to Cite

Las funciones extramilitares de las fortificaciones cruzadas, 1187-circa 1380. (2018). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 7(14). https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.437

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