Between Stasis and Polemos During Transitional Periods: The Sacers’ Document

Authors

  • Adrià Muñoz de la Luz Université Lumière Lyon 2

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.430

Keywords:

stasis, polemos, sacrilege, conflict, Ephesus, Sardis

Abstract

The following paper has the objective to offer us a several number of historical reflections on a subject that have not yet been resolved, as it is the distinction between stasis and pólemos. The debate about these two concepts is far from getting resolved because both concepts are therefore inextricably linked, which makes the boundaries between quite vague. The customs developed at the ancient urban cores are difficult to classify, making each process different and exceptional, which obliges to analyze each case individually.

In order to illustrate this problem, I am going to use an inscription which appears at the epigraphic combination of Ephesus (I. Ephesos I.2). This legal document describes a sacrilegious crime (in which a group of people attacks during a religious event), the conflict it created among the communities, and its subsequent resolution. It takes place during the celebration of a religious event shared between the cities of Sardis and Ephesus and by an exalted group. The clash acquires such importance that it becomes an interesting source of analysis, because it gets difficult to enclose where the internal conflict (stasis) starts and if it can get considered as an episode linked with an external war (pólemos). The magnitude of the tension makes the boundaries, as it was previously stated, vague.

In addition to that, it must be considered that the event took place under a concrete context, in which the social conflict was in full agitation. Chronologically, this conflict takes place during the transitional era between the fall of the Achaemenid Empire and the establishment of the Hellenistic states, in which war played an important part to create them. For that reason, during that period, war impregnated the daily lives of the cities of the Eastern Mediterranean. This is a key factor that we are going to address thereupon.

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Author Biography

  • Adrià Muñoz de la Luz, Université Lumière Lyon 2
    Adrià Muñoz de la Luz en co-tutela con la Universidad de Salamanca y la Universidad de Avigon con la tesis El impacto de la conquista de Macedonia sobre las poblaciones de Jonia y Caria a partir sus instituciones militares. Un estudio social de la guerra en una época de transición (380-280 a.C.). También ha realizado estudios de Master en la Universidad Lyon 2 y en la UAB sobre historia antigua, especializándose en la historia social de la guerra.

References

Profundizaremos sobre esta cuestión más adelante, para ello recomendamos la obra de Nicole LORAUX: La guerra civil en Atenas: la política entre la sombra y la utopía, Madrid, Akal, 2008 [orig. francés en 2005].

Sobre la cuestión de la transición es necesario destacar algunos trabajos, en especial Pierre BRIANT y Francis JOANNÈS (eds.): La transition entre l’empire achéménide et les royaumes hellénistiques (vers 350-300 av. J. C.). Actes du colloque organisé au Collège de France par la “Chaire d’histoire et civilisation du monde achéménide et de l’empire d’Alexandre” et le “Réseau international d’études et de recherches achéménides” (GDR 2538 CNRS), 22-23 novembre 2004, Collection Persika 9, París, De Boccard, 2006 e Íd: “Alexander and the Persian Empire, Between decline and renovation”. History and Historiography, en Waldemar HECKEL y Laurence TRITTLE (eds.), Alexander the Great: a new History, Malden, Blackwell, 2009.

Un estudio muy interesante sobre la stasis en el mundo helenístico corre a cargo de Gómez Espelosín, que recopila varios episodios muy representativos de los episodios de rebelión acontecidos durante este periodo. Fco. Javier GÓMEZ ESPELOSÍN: Rebeliones y conflictos internos en las ciudades del mundo helenístico, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Zaragoza, 1985.

Uno de los trabajos más recientes sobre éste aspecto aparece en Dino PIOVAN: “Las inesperadas consecuencias de la Guerra. Acerca de la relación entre guerra, guerra civil y degradación del lenguaje en Tucídides”, Araucaria, 19:33 (2017), pp. 181-197; sobre la divergencia entre guerra, violencia y conflicto véase Luciano CANFORA: La démocracie comme violence, (anónimo ateniense), París, Desjonquères, 1989 [orig. italiano, 1982] y David M. PRITCHARD: “Democracy and War in Ancient Athens and Today”, Greece and Rome, 62:2 (2015), pp.140-154.

Sin olvidar los cambios de regímenes o debido a una serie de condenas al exilio. Para ver más Nicole LORAUX: “Repolitiser la cité”, L’Homme, 26: 97-89 (1986), pp. 239-255 e Íd, 2008; Raoul, LONIS: “Poliorcétique et stasis dans la première moitiée du IVe siècle av. J.-C.” en Pierre CARLIER (ed.), Le IVe siècle av. J.-C., Approches historiographiques, París, De Boccard, 1996, pp. 241-257; Jean-Marie BERTRAND: “De la stasis dans les cités platoniciennes”, Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 10 (1999), pp. 209-224.

Sobre esta cuestión quisiera destacar el trabajo de Nicole LORAUX: “La guerre civile grecque et la représentation anthropologique du monde à l’ envers”, Revue de l’histoire des religions, 212:3 (1995), pp. 299-326.

Plb. IV.20.1, 21.11. Recordar que Polibio es un autor del s. II a.C.

Tuc.III.81.3

Ver Plat. Rep. 473b-e. La εὐνομία hace referencia al buen gobierno, que se basa en un orden regido por el buen uso de las leyes.

Se puede ver constantemente en la obra de Tucídides. Ver Fabián LUDUEÑA: “La peste de Atenas: la guerra y la polis entre la política antigua y moderna”. Un comentario sobre la “stasiología” de Giorgio Agamben, Anacronismo e Irrupción, 5:9, 2016, pp.30-53.

Françoise FRONTISI-DUROUX: “Artémis Bucolique”, Revue d’histoire des religions, 198 (1981), pp. 29-56 (p. 48).

Moses I. FINLEY: L’invention de la politique, París, Flammarion, 1983 [versión en francés de 1985], pp. 156-157.

Nicole LORAUX: “La guerre civile grecque…”, p. 324.

Heraclit. FGRH 53

Raoul LONIS: “Poliorcétique et stasis…”, pp. 244-247.

Fco. Javier Gómez ESPELOSÍN: “Rebeliones y conflictos internos…”, pp. 3-5.

Pierre BRIANT: “L’Asie mineure en transition”, en Pierre BRIANT y Francis JOANNÈS (eds.): La transition entre l’empire achéménide…, pp. 309-352.

Andrews J. HEISSERER: “The exiles of Tegea (SIG3 306)”, en Alexander the Great and the Greeks: The epigraphic evidence, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1980, pp. 205-225.

En este caso cito los cinco principales autores que han escrito sobre la biografía de Alejandro Magno: Diodoro Sículo: Biblioteca Histórica XVII; Quinto Curcio Rufo: Historia de Alejandro Magno; Plutarco: Vidas Paralelas: Alejandro Magno y Julio César; Arriano: Anábasis de Alejandro Magno (I-II); Justino: Historias Filípicas de Pompeyo Trogo.

Arr.An.I.7.1-3.

Arr.An.I.9.10.

Arr. An. I.17.9-12.

Arr.An.I.17.11-12.

Ver Fritz EICHLER: Die Österreichischen Ausgrabungen in Ephesos im Jahre 1962, Viena, Anzeiger der philosophisch-historischen Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1963, pp. 50-52; Dieter KNIBBE: “Ein religiöser Frevel und seine Sühne: Ein Todesurteil hellenistischer Zeit aus Ephesos”, ÖHJ, 46 (1961-63), pp. 175-182; Olivier MASSON: “L’inscription d’Éphèse relative aux condamnés à mort de Sardes”, REG, 100:477-479 (Julio-diciembre 1987), pp. 225-239.

Louis ROBERT : “Sur des inscriptions d’Éphèse”, Rev. Phil., 41:1 (1967), pp. 7-81, (pp. 34-35).

Es muy probable que la traducción de los nombres no sea la más correcta a nivel filológico, con ello insto a la necesaria realización de una traducción al castellano más pormenorizada que la presentada en el artículo.

Crawford H. GREENWALD: “Sardis in the Age of Xenophon”, Pallas, 43 (1995) pp.125-145, (pp. 128-29).

Olivier MASSON: “L’inscription d’Ephèse relative…”, p.130.

Pierre, BRIANT: From Cyrus to Alexander: a History of the Persian Empire, Indiana, Eisenbrauns, 2002 [orig. francés de 1996].

Según Briant podría ser en época de Artajerjes III, y lo sitúa en 348 a.C. Ver cita anterior.

Str. XIII.45.626.

Paus. VII.6.6.

Str. XIII.4.5

Pirre BRIANT: From Cyrus to…, op.cit., p. 702.

Olivier MASSON : “L’inscription d’Ephèse relative…”, op.cit., p. 229 ; Pierre BRIANT : “From Cyrus to…”, op.cit., p. 702.

Como sugiere Georges LE RIDDER: “Les trouvailles monétaires dans le temple d’Artémis à Sardes (IGCH 1299 et 1300)”, Revue Numismatique, 33 (1991), pp. 71-88; George M.A. HANFMANN: Sardis und Lydien, (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz. Abhandlungen der geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse. Jahrgang 1960. Nr 6), Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner, 1960, p. 527.

Hdt. V.54.

Xen.Anab.V.3.5-7.

Str. XIV.1.5.

Tac.An. III.61.

Xen. Hell.IV.I.29; sobre las muestras de agradecimiento entre ambos ver Íd. I.1.9 e Id. IV.I.39; también Tuc. VIII.6.1; 85.2.

Contrariamente a la opinión de Olivier MASSON: “L’inscription d’Ephèse relative…”, op. cit., p. 230.

Louis ROBERT: “Sur des inscriptions…”, op.cit., p. 34.

Olivier MASSON: “L’inscription d’Ephèse relative…”, op. cit. p. 229.

Robert FLEISCHER: Artemis von Ephesos und verwandte Kultstatuen aus Anatolien und Syrien, Leiden, Brill, 1973, pp. 200-201; ver especialmente en Leo OPPENHEIM: “The Golden Garments of the Gods”, Journal of Near-Eastern, 8 (1949), pp. 127-193.

Call. h. Zeus. I.77; Call. h. Artemis III.226.

Louis ROBERT: op. cit, 1967, p. 32.

Emil HÖLZEL: Forschungen in Ephesos III, n. 66, 1923, Viena, Österreichisches archäologisches Institut p.148-149, especialmente en las L.15-16 de la inscripción.

KNIBBE: op. Cit. p. 179.

Hipótesis sugerida por Robert FLEISCHER: op. cit, pp. 201-202; también la refleja Olivier MASSON: op. cit. p. 230.

El documento es analizado por Joseph KEIL: “Inschrift aus Notion in Ephesos”, ÖHJ, 15 (1913), pp. 67-143.

Louis ROBERT: “Sur des inscriptions…”, op.cit., p.33.

Ver Louis ROBERT: “Une nouvelle inscription grecque de Sardes. Règlement de l’autorité perse relatif à un culte de Zeus”, CRAI, 2 (1975), pp. 306-330 (p. 319) ; reflejado también en Pierre DEBORD: L’Asie Mineure au IV ème siècle (412-323), pouvoirs et jeux politiques, Bordeaux, Ausonius, 1999, p. 371.

Sobre el papel de los heraldos sagrados ver Raoul LONIS: Les usages de la guerre entre Grecs et Barbares des guerres médiques au milieu du IVe av. J.-C., Besançon, Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon, 1969, pp. 63-70.

Un estudio indispensable para entender el papel del heraldo y su imagen subalterna en Catherine GOBLOT-CAHEN: “Les hérauts et la violence”, Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 10 (1999), pp. 179-188.

Catherine GOBLOT-CAHEN: op. cit., p. 188.

Arr.An.1.17.11.

Contrariamente, la ciudad se rindió ante la llegada de Alejandro y sus hombres a sus puertas, Arr.An.1.17.3-4; D.S.17.21.7.

Arr.An.1.17.2-8.

Pierre DEBORD: op. cit., pp. 427-430; Philippe GAUTHIER: “La cité grecque de Sardes, en 226 AEC”, en Nouvelles inscriptions de Sardes II, Ginebra, Centre des Recherches d’Histoire et de la Philologie, 1989, pp. 150-170 ; Pierre BRIANT: “Alexandre à Sardes”, en Jesper CARLSEN et al. (eds.), Alexander the Great: Reality and Myth, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 1993, pp. 1-15.

Ver Philippe GAUTHIER: op. cit. p. 153.

El autor francés O. Masson realiza un análisis más pormenorizado sobre el origen de los nombres de los condenados, además lo complementa con ejemplos procedentes de otros documentos en Sardes. Ver Olivier MASSON: op. cit., p. 233-235.

Louis ROBERT: “Une nouvelle inscription”…, pp. 306-330.

Pierre BRIANT: From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Indiana, Eisenbrauns, 2002 [orig. francés de 1996], p. 698, introducido también por él mismo en “Polythéistes et Empire unitaire. Remarques sur la politique religieuse des Achéménides », en Pierre LÉVÊQUE et al. (eds.), Les grandes figures religieuses: fonctionnement pratique et symbolique dans l’Antiquité (actes du colloque organisé par le Centre de Recherches d’histoire ancienne, Besançon, 25-26 avril 1984), 1986, pp. 425-443.

Tac.An.III.62.

Pierre BRIANT : From Cyrus to Alexander…, p. 703.

Charles B. WELLES: Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic period: a studi in Greek epigraphy, Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider, 68 (1966).

Pierre BRIANT: Polythéistes et Empire unitaire…, pp. 425-423; Pierre DEBORD: L’Asie Mineure au IVème siècle (412-323), pouvoirs et jeux politiques, Burdeos, Ausonius, 1999, pp. 230-231.

Pierre DEBORD: La survie des cultes iraniens en Anatolie. L’exemple d’Anaïtis en Lydie », en Pierre LÉVEQUE et al. (eds.), Les grandes figures religieuses…, pp. 85-91.

Louis ROBERT: “Une nouvelle inscription grecque de Sardes…”, pp. 306-330.

Si se tiene en cuenta que la conquista no se limita sólo a las campañas de Alejandro Magno, ya que Filipo al asumir el control de Grecia ya tenía una cierta influencia en las colonias griegas de Asia. Incluso se puede considerar que la conquista perdura después del 323 a.C.

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Published

— Updated on 2018-07-11

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 14 (2018): La lógica de la guerra “irregular” en la Antigüedad

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How to Cite

Between Stasis and Polemos During Transitional Periods: The Sacers’ Document. (2018). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 7(14). https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.430